ASP.NET Web PDF Document Viewer/Editor Control Library

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There are around 50 standard LINQ operators. The rest of this chapter describes the most important operators, broken down by the main areas of functionality. We ll show how to use them both from a query expression (where possible) and with an explicit method call.

Sometimes it s useful to call the LINQ query operator methods explicitly, rather than writing a query expression. Some operators offer overloads with advanced features that are not available in a query expression. For example, sorting strings is a locale-dependent operation there are variations on what constitutes alphabetical ordering in different languages. The query expression syntax for ordering data always uses the current thread s default culture for ordering. If you need to use a different culture for some reason, or you want a culture-independent order, you ll need to call an overload of the OrderBy operator explicitly instead of using an orderby clause in a query expression. There are even some LINQ operators that don t have an equivalent in a query expression. So understanding how LINQ uses methods is not just a case of looking at implementation details. It s the only way to access some more advanced LINQ features.

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You already saw the main filtering feature of LINQ. We illustrated the where clause and the corresponding Where operator in Example 8-2 and Example 8-3, respectively. Another filter operator worth being aware of is called OfType. It has no query expression equivalent, so you can use it only with a method call. OfType is useful when you have a collection that could contain a mixture of types, and you only want to look at the elements that have a particular type. For example, in a user interface you might want to get hold of control elements (such as buttons), ignoring purely visual elements such as images or drawings. You could write this sort of code:

var controls = myPanel.Children.OfType<Control>();

Site health refers to a number of factors, including error messages, access denied messages, and page not found messages. The Recent log entries report contains a list of all system messages added to the log, including access denied messages, content creation messages, PHP error messages, and more (see Figure 11-6). Additionally, the list of entries can be filtered by both message type and severity. Two reports, top access denied errors and top page not found errors, provide you with a quick report of the most common errors. You will want to frequently check these reports. The top access denied

If myPanel.Children is a collection of objects of some kind, this code will ensure that controls is an enumeration that only returns objects that can be cast to the Control type. Although OfType has no equivalent in a query expression, that doesn t stop you from using it in conjunction with a query expression you can use the result of OfType as the source for a query:

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var controlNames = from control in myPanel.Children.OfType<Control>() where !string.IsNullOrEmpty(control.Name) select control.Name;

This uses the OfType operator to filter the items down to objects of type Control, and then uses a where clause to further filter the items to just those with a nonempty Name property.

Query expressions can contain an orderby clause, indicating the order in which you d like the items to emerge from the query. In queries with no orderby clause, LINQ does not, in general, make any guarantees about the order in which items emerge. LINQ to Objects happens to return items in the order in which they emerge from the source enumeration if you don t specify an order, but other LINQ providers will not necessarily define a default order. (In particular, database LINQ providers typically return items in an unpredictable order unless you explicitly specify an order.) So as to have some data to sort, Example 8-10 brings back the CalendarEvent class from 7.